Microfilaria parasite test is a pathology test performed to detect presence of a parasite named Wuchereria bancrofti. This test requires a venous blood sample to be collected at a specific time period in order to obtain the best results. Microfilaria test is performed at pathology laboratories equipped with modern medical equipment and advanced technology.
Q: What is microfilaria?
A: Microfilaria is a first-stage larvae of the parasitic nematode, Wuchereria bancrofti, the causative agent of several severe parasitic diseases, and is present in the lymphatic system of human host. They are generally found in deep veins during the day and migrate to the peripheral blood vessels at night.
Q: What are the symptoms of filariasis?
A: The most definitive symptom of filariasis is elephantiasis and it usually occurs in the lower extremities of the body. Other symptoms may include fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, acute inflammation of lymphatic vessels, and edema.
Q: How is the parasite transmitted?
A: When mosquitoes feed on the human host at night, the microfilaria present in the peripheral blood are ingested by the mosquito and these microfilaria mature there. After an incubation period of 10 days inside the mosquito, the mature microfilaria are then transmitted to the next human host that the mosquito feeds on.
Q: After the infection manifests, what time is preferable to collect the sample for test?
A: The number of microfilaria peaks in the time period of 10pm to 4am and thus a venous sample collected from the upper arm, in the time period of 12am-2am, will provide an accurate diagnosis.
Q: What is the normal value for the detection test?
A: The normal value of microfilaria parasite test is 100 kU/l for all age groups.
A test conducted to measure the time taken by your blood plasma to clot is called a prothrombin time test. It helps to detect the cause for abnormal bleeding, the effect of warfarin (a blood thinning medicine) and to check the low levels of Vitamin K.
A sample of your blood plasma is collected for the test and the time taken for your blood to coagulate after a cut or wound is noted. Patients with bleeding disorder need to undergo regular tests to evaluate blood clotting time during their treatment.
Q: What is prothrombin?
A: Also known as “factor II”, it is one of the essential plasma proteins required in the blood clotting process. Along with other clotting factors, it is made by the liver with the help of vitamin K.
Q: What could be diagnosed through PT test?
A: Low levels of vitamin K, hereditary bleeding disorders such as hemophilia caused due to low levels of clotting factors, abnormal bleeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), safety percentage before any surgery, liver's functionality, and progress of certain medications like warfarin and blood-thinners.
Q: What could change the prothrombin time?
A: Activity change of the clotting factors, blood-thinners, lack of clotting factors, excessive use of clotting factors, inhibitors and other substances, and low levels of clotting factors.
Q: What are the normal figures of PT and INR?
A: PT: 11-13 seconds and INR: 0.8-1.1 seconds.
Q: What are the symptoms of bleeding disorders?
A: Nosebleeds, presence of blood in urine, easy bruising, swollen joints, unstoppable bleeding, and heave menses.
APTT
(Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time) Test measures the capacity and rate at which blood can clot after getting exposed to external environment. The results of this test are measured in seconds, counted in a specific manner after a wound starts to bleed.
Thromboplastin is a part of a complicated series of chemical reactions that form the coagulation cascade. These reactions are set off as a result of any external injury which causes bleeding. Several chemicals known as 'clotting factors' are responsible for clot formation when blood gets exposed to air. This is a natural defense mechanism of the body to prevent hemorrhage.
Q: Why is APTT test ordered?
A: To detect blood clotting difficulties such as lupus anticoagulant syndrome and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, unexplained bruising or bleeding causes, liver disorders, blood clots in veins and arteries, and hemophilia and other bleeding diseases caused due to low levels of blood clotting factors. It may also be ordered for females facing miscarriages.
Q: What is the main purpose of APTT test?
A: To gauge the time needed for the blood to clot (coagulation) and as a primary analysis of bleeding problems.
Q: Is PTT (partial thromboplastin time) test done along with APTT test?
A: Yes. It is done to measure blood clotting factors and examine related problems, especially before a surgery where excessive bleeding could be a possibility. International nationalized ratio (INR) is another test done along with these.
Q: Can APTT test be ordered to check the effect of blood-thinners?
A: Yes. It is ordered for patients who are administered with heparin and other blood-thinning medications to avoid blood clots in the arteries or veins.
Q: What is the normal range of APTT and PTT?
A: APTT: 30-40 seconds and PTT: 60-70 seconds.
BLOOD TYPE (ABO-RH)
Blood group test is the medical method to find a specific blood type in people. Specific proteins known as 'antigens on' are the basis for finding blood types. The common blood group systems are ABO and Rh. Based on ABO system, the blood group of a person can be divided into various types namely, A, B, AB and O, and as per Rh system, blood group is divided into positive and negative.
Q: In what cases is blood group or blood type test ordered?
A: Pregnancy, blood transfusion, blood donation, criminal investigation, transplantation, detection of blood relatives, and surgery.
Q: How many blood types do exist?
A: 4. They are A, B, AB, and O.
Q: What are ABO and rhesus types?
A: They are the most important blood group antigen types or markers which are present on the surface of red blood cells that help determine the blood group of a person. A blood group could be Rh+ (positive) or Rh- (negative) depending upon the presence of Rh factor.
Q: Are all blood types compatible with each other?
A: No. Type A is only compatible with types A and O, type B is only compatible with types B and O, type AB is compatible with types A, B, AB, and O, and type O is only compatible with type O.
Q: What is the human blood made up of?
A: Red blood cells, white blood cells, Platelets and plasma.
Reticulocyte count is a pathology test that helps to determine levels of a special type of blood cells known as reticulocytes. These cells are precursors of red blood cells. Reticulocytes are present in the blood circulation for about 2 hours, after which they mature to form fully functional RBCs.
Synthesis of red blood cells begins in the bone marrow. Thus, levels of reticulocytes are an indication of how many red blood cells will be present in the person’s blood circulation at any given time. Reticulocyte count test is one of the means to diagnose red blood cell disorders at an early stage.
Q: What are reticulocytes?
A: Reticulocytes are a precursor of mature red blood cells. Reticulocytes are manufactured in the bone marrow which then mature into functional red blood cells as they enter the bloodstream.
Q: How is a reticulocyte count done?
A: A sample of blood is needed for the procedure. It is withdrawn from a vein using a needle and syringe. Sometimes, the finger can be pricked and a blood sample be taken for this test and studied under a microscope.
Q: Why is a reticulocyte count test required for?
A: This test is ordered by the doctor if he/she suspects anemia. Anemia is a condition characterized by inability of the blood to oxygenate cells properly. A reticulocyte count helps in detection of the type of anemia affecting the individual.
Q: What is the normal range of reticulocytes in the body?
A: Reticulocytes, under normal conditions, constitute about 0.5% - 1.5% of blood in adults.
Q: What do the results of a reticulocyte count test mean?
A: Increased reticulocytes may indicate - hemolytic anemia, gastrointestinal bleeding and hemolytic disease of the newborn
Decreased reticulocytes may indicate - deficiency of Vit B-12, folic acid or iron, aplastic anemia, decreased erythropoietin production and bone marrow failure.
Your blood is composed of various types of cells that play a unique role in your body. These cells must be present in their normal quantities in order to keep you healthy and support various body functions. A Hemogram test measures each of these components in your blood.
Patients with leukemia or anemia are often suggested to take a complete blood count (CBC) test. On the contrary, it is advisable for every individual to undergo hemogram once a year; especially senior citizens. To keep a check on your basic health, this test is as important as other routine checkup procedures.
Q: What does CBC/hemogram test includes?
A: White blood cell types (WBC differential), white blood cell (WBC, leukocyte) count, hematocrit (HCT, packed cell volume, PCV), red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hgb), mean platelet volume (MPV), and platelet (thrombocyte) count.
Q: What is the chief reason to conduct CBC test?
A: To attain vital data about the type and number of cells present in the patient's blood to diagnose infection and other diseases and check for symptoms like weakness, bruising, etc.
Q: Why is CBC test ordered?
A: To detect asthma or allergy due to high or low count of a particular cell type, check effects of abnormal bleeding, detect infection, polycythemia, and anemia, check for lost blood count after bleeding, and monitor radiation treatment or effects of drugs/medicines.
Q: What are the reference values for hemoglobin (Hgb) count?
A: Newborn: 14.5-24.5 g/dL, children: 9.5-20.5 g/dL, women: 12-16 g/dL, and men: 14-17.4 (g/dL).
Q: What are the other blood tests?
A: Reticulocyte count: check the number of reticulocytes or immature red blood cells and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): check the time for erythrocytes getting settled in the test tube.
Mantaux test, also known as tuberculin sensitivity test, is essential for screening of tuberculosis. The procedure involves identification of skin reactions to a particular laboratory induced agent, known as Tuberculin within your skin.
TB or tuberculosis is a bacterial lung infection, that can very well spread to other parts and organs of the body through blood. Tuberculosis needs immediate diagnosis and treatment, to prevent it from getting fatal. Sometimes, bacteria causing tuberculosis may remain dormant within the body, showing no vital symptoms. However, many a times; especially when the immune system is weak or attacked with other infections, TB bacteria can get activated and prove highly detrimental to your health.
Q: What is Mantoux test?
A: Also known as tuberculin sensitivity test, a Mantoux test is a test used for screening of tuberculosis. It helps in distinguishing between an active and a latent TB infection.
Q: What is Tuberculosis?
A: It is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of genus Mycobacterium. It primarily affects the lungs but can involve other organs in later stages a well.
Q: Is Tuberculosis contagious?
A: Yes. Tuberculosis can spread from one infected person to another via droplets in the air.
Q: Why is Mantoux test required?
A: This test may be needed if you live in close proximity with a TB infected person or stay in an area where TB in endemic. Patients in an immunocompromised state must also undergo this test.
Q: How is Mantoux test done?
A: A small syringe containing tuberculin is injected into skin of the forearm. After 2-3 days, the skin is again checked for any raised bump from reaction with tuberculin.
Widal test is a type of blood test that helps in diagnosing typhoid. Most pathology labs that are well equipped with advanced medical technology and calibrated instruments, offer Widal test as part of their services. A venous blood sample, collected from a vein in the patient's upper arm is usually preferred for this test.
Presence of the following typhoid antigens is checked during Widal test:
Widal test is considered to be positive if both these antigens are present in a specific ratio.
Q: What is the causative organism for typhoid?
A: Typhoid is caused by a bacteria known as Salmonella Typhi.
Q: What are the pre-requisites for Widal Test?
A: It is important to undergo Widal test before starting any medication for typhoid.
Q: Which tissue sample is required for Widal Test?
A: Widal test is performed on venous blood sample.
Q: Which other tests are helpful in detecting typhoid?
A: Stool culture, Typhidot test and blood culture, may be helpful in detecting typhoid.
Q: How can typhoid be treated?
A: Typhoid is treated with antibiotic medicines, adequate bed rest and dietary restrictions.
VDRL
VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoproteins) is a test carried out as part of Lipid Profile. Lipoproteins are the molecules which help in carrying the bad cholesterol in blood. The test is usually performed to learn about cardiovascular diseases. Excess cholesterol and lipoprotein in your system tend to clog the blood vessels around your heart and vascular regions. The test can be helpful for diagnosis and monitoring of such disorders.
Q: What is VLDL test?
A: VLDL Cholesterol test is a blood test done to measure the amount of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). This test is often ordered along side other lipid profile tests to screen for risks or chances of cardiovascular diseases.
Q: How is this test performed?
A: VLDL test is a simple blood test. A venous blood sample from inner side of the arm is collected.
Q: What is the normal range of VLDL in the blood?
A: Normal levels of VLDL cholesterol in the blood is in a range of 2-30 mg/dL.
Q: What causes an increase in the VLDL Cholesterol levels?
A: Diabetes contributes greatly to the rise in VLDL cholesterol levels. Other factors such as smoking, obesity, inactivity, diet rich in saturated fats, little to no exercise, age, etc., also contribute to the increased levels of bad cholesterol.
Q: What are the complications caused by high levels of cholesterol?
A: High amount of cholesterol in the blood causes deposition on the arteries, a condition called atherosclerosis. These plaques give rise to numerous cardiovascular diseases such as extreme chest pain, increased risk of heart attacks, and stroke, if the clot moves to the brain.
Aldehydes and ketones
constitute an important class of organic compounds containing the carbonyl
group. Aldehyde has the structure RCH(=O) while a ketone has the structure of R2C(=O). Where R may be an alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group.
Aim:
To identify the
presence of aldehydes or ketones functional group in the given organic
compound.
Theory:
Aldehydes and ketones
of low molecular weights are volatile compounds. Identification of aldehydes
and ketones is based on two types of reactions, addition reaction to the double
bond and oxidation
reaction.
In aldehydes, the
carbonyl group is attached to a hydrogen atom and an aliphatic or aromatic
radical. Formaldehyde is an exceptional case in which the carbonyl present in
formaldehyde is attached to two hydrogen atoms. In ketones, the carbonyl group
is attached to two aliphatic or aromatic group.
The following tests
are used to identify the presence of aldehydes and ketones.
The difference between
ketone and aldehyde is the carbonyl group present in aldehydes can be easily
oxidised to carboxylic
acids whereas the
carbonyl group in ketones are not oxidised easily. This difference in
reactivity is the basis for the distinction of aldehydes and ketones. They are
generally distinguished by the following tests.
(a) 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine Test:
Aldehydes and ketones
react with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine give a yellow to orange precipitate.
The chemical reaction
is given below.
Note: Formation of orange-yellow crystals indicates the presence
of carbonyl group.
(b) Sodium Bisulfite Test:
Aldehydes and ketones
combine with sodium bisulfite to for well-crystallized water-soluble products
known as “aldehyde bisulfite” and “ketone bisulfite”.
The chemical reaction
is given below.
Note: Formation of crystalline precipitate confirms carbonyl
group.
Distinguishing Tests between Aldehydes and
Ketones:
(c) Schiff’s Test:
Schiff’s reagent is
prepared by passing sulfur
dioxide into a solution
of the dye fuchsin. The solution becomes colourless due to the formation of an
additional product. Aldehydes abstract sulfurous acid from the Schiffs reagent
and restores the pink colour. The colouration is due to the formation of
complex compound. Ketones, in general, do not respond to this reaction.
The reaction should
not be subjected to heat. Some ketones give a light pink colour with Schiff’s
reagent therefore light pink colour formation is not a positive test.
Note: Appearance of pink, red or magenta colour
indicates the presence of aldehyde group.
(d) Fehling’s Test:
Feling’s solution is a
complex compound of Cu2+. When aldehyde compound is treated with
Fehling’s solution Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ and the aldehyde is reduced to acids. During the reaction,
a red precipitate is formed.
Aromatic aldehydes do
not respond to Fehling’s test. An aqueous solution of the compound may be used
instead of an alcoholic solution. Formic acid also give this test.
Note: Appearance of red precipitate confirms the
presence of an aldehydic group.
(e) Tollen’s Test: (Silver Mirror Test)
This test is also
called the silver mirror test. Tollens reagent consists of silver ammonia
complex in ammonia solution. Aldehydes reacts with Tollens reagent gives a
grey-black precipitate or a silver mirror. Always a freshly prepared Tollen’s
reagent should be used. Aldehydes are oxidised to the corresponding acid and
silver in Tollens reagent is reduced from +1 oxidation state to its elemental
form. Generally ketones do not respond to this test.
RCHO
+ 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH → R-COONH4 + 3NH3 + H2O + 2Ag↓(silver
mirror)
Apart from aldehydes some
other compounds also respond to Tollen’s test, but the presence of aldehydes is
conformed when the given substance shows a positive test for Tollens test but
if the given compound passes 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test.
Note: The appearance of shiny silver mirror confirms the
presence of aldehydes.
(f) Test with Chromic Acid:
Aldehydes react with
chromic acid gives a green to blue precipitate. Ketones do not react with
chromic acid. Some of the primary and secondary alcohols also give this test
but they do not give dinitrophenylhydrazine test.
The chemical reaction
is given below.
R-CHO
+ 2CrO3 + 3H2SO4 → 3R-C(O)-OH + 3H2O + Cr2(SO4)3(green colour)
Note: The appearance of green or blue colour
precipitate confirms the presence of aldehydes.
(g) Sodium Nitroprusside Test:
Ketone responds to
this test. Ketone reacts with alkali forms an anion further it reacts with
sodium nitroprusside forms a coloured complex ion. Aldehydes do not respond to
this test.
The chemical reaction
is given below.
CH3COCH3 + OH–→ CH3COCH2– + H2O
[Fe(CN)5NO]2- + CH3COCH2– → [Fe(CN)5NO.CH3COCH2]3-
Note: The appearance of red colouration shows the presence of
ketone.
Materials Required:
Apparatus Setup:
HBeAg and HBsAg (Hepatitis B Envelope Antigen) are related closely to Hepatitis B levels and are hence used frequently for assessment of any activity for liver diseases. The test also detects responses to the antiviral therapies for patients suffering with infections of chronic HBV. It is also known as Australia antigen.
The HBsAg test is included in Hepatitis B Panel Blood Tests and also used in conjunction with other tests for detailed diagnosis. Hepatitis B core antigen test and Hepatitis B surface antibody tests are the other tests included in the panel of blood tests for diagnosing Hepatitis B.
Q: What is HBsAg?
A: HbsAg is the abbreviated form of Hepatitis B surface antigen.
Q: What is the other nomenclature for HBsAg ?
A: HBsAg is also known as Australia antigen.
Q: What does positive HBsAg result indicate?
A: Positive test results indicate acute or chronic infection from hepatitis B virus.
Q: How long does it take for HBsAg to be detected via blood test?
A: HBsAg levels are detectable via blood tests between 2-4 months after contracting infection.
Q: For how long after patient is treated does Hepatitis B surface antigen circulate in the blood?
A: Ideally surface antigen disappears in 2 months after patient starts manifesting symptoms. If chronic infection develops, patient may test positive for the antigen for life.
RA Factor test is a diagnostic test that helps in determining whether a person is prone to developing rheumatoid joint disorders. It is a blood test performed in pathology labs equipped with modern medical tools and technology.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder. This means that it develops due to some abnormality in the patient's immune system. Antibodies are synthesized against the patient's own body tissues, leading to the development of joint disorders. RA factor is a specific protein which attacks the cartilage of various joints and causes symptoms of discomfort.
Q: What is rheumatoid factor?
A: Rheumatoid factor is a special group of antibodies (immunoglobulin M) created against IgG (immunoglobulin G) in the body. It is most commonly seen in patients affected with rheumatoid arthritis but can also be found in other autoimmune conditions as well.
Q: How is a rheumatoid factor test done?
A: A sample of blood is collected from a vein in the arm and sent to the laboratory to be studied using advanced techniques.
Q: Why is rheumatoid factor test required?
A: An RF test may be suggested by the doctor if he/she suspects signs & symptoms of rheumatic arthritis like joint stiffness, cartilage loss, nodule formation in the skin and warmth in the joint region.
Q: Is rheumatoid factor seen only in arthritis?
A: No. Apart from rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid factor is also seen in conditions like polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus, syphilis, viral hepatitis, and influenza in some cases.
Q: What other tests are needed to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis?
A: In addition to RA factor, tests like ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate), ANA (Anti-Nuclear Antibody) assay, CBC, CRP (C-Reactive Protein) and Anti-RA33 antibody assay can be done to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis.
The ASO test is done to determine whether the recent strep infection is group A streptococcus. Health practitioners may sometime suspect illness symptoms in patients as causes of some prior infections. This may prompt them to prescribe the ASO test. This is usually prescribed when such symptoms are detected. These are usually visible after passage of some weeks post some skin infection or sore throat issues when bacteria are abstaining on skin or inside the throat.
Q: What is ASO test?
A: Also known as antistreptolysin O titer, it is a blood test used to measure the amount of antibodies produced by the body against a specific bacteria. This bacteria is called group A Streptococcus (GAS) which produces streptolysin O.
Q: Why is the test ordered?
A: To check antibody levels against post-streptococcal complications like bacterial endocarditis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, and strep throat.
Q: What causes post-streptococcal complications?
A: They are mostly caused due to symptomatic infections developed by GAS.
Q: What is the normal value of this test?
A: Below 200. In case of children, it should be less than 100.
Q: What other important information should I know?
A: If the ASO antibodies decline, your Streptococcus infection is getting reduced. Increasing level of the antibodies suggest that your infection is recent. You may want to repeat the test after 10-14 days.
The HIV test helps in determining whether the concerned person is infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This virus weakens immune system of infected people and leads to AIDS. Some forms of this test check antibodies produced by the immune system while others find evidence of the presence of this virus.
Q: Which tissue sample is required for HIV test?
A: A blood sample from the patient is the most preferred tissue for performing HIV test.
Q: What are the different types of HIV tests?
A: Tests for diagnosing HIV infection include antibody detection, RNA detection, and a combination of both.
Q: What is 'window period' for HIV infection?
A: The time span between contacting infection to detection of infection through blood test is known as window period. It is anywhere between 10 days to 3 months for HIV infection.
Q: How does HIV infection spread?
A: Infected needles, unprotected sexual contact, intimate contact with body fluid of an infected person, are the commonest ways for HIV infection to spread.
Q: Can HIV test give positive result in absence of symptoms?
A: Yes, it is possible to have a positive HIV test in complete absence of any symptoms.
CRP is a test carried out to detect the C reactive protein concentration in blood. High levels of CRP indicates inflammation or long term infections in the body. The test is alternatively called ultra-sensitive-C-reactive protein (us-CRP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).
The levels of CRP can also rise if the arteries in your heart are inflamed. Patients with such health conditions have higher chances of a heart attack. But, the test reports do not provide a clear result in case of cardiac health. Your doctor may therefore, use more than one diagnostic test to confirm issues with arteries.
Q: What is CRP?
A: Also named as high sensitivity protein, C-reactive protein or CRP is produced as a response to inflammation by the liver.
Q: Why is CRP test ordered?
A: To examine and monitor infections and infectious diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, lymphoma, osteomyelitis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, giant cell arteritis, etc., check for infections post surgery, assess the risk of stroke or heart attack, and keep track of the progress of treatment for infections.
Q: What is the normal figure for CRP test?
A: <1.0 mg/dL.
Q: Does CRP test help to identify the cause and location of inflammation?
A: No.
Q: What does high CRP reading mean?
A: Pneumonia, arthritis flare-up, tuberculosis, cancer, bowel disorder, immune disease, or infection.
Allergy test helps in detecting the specific agent or agents to which a person is allergic. The test is a simple and non invasive procedure and can be done on outpatient basis. It is a blood test or a skin test.
Q: What is allergy?
A: An allergy or hypersensitivity is an abnormal immune response of the body against seemingly harmless substance. It often manifests in the form of sneezing, fever, hives and difficult in breathing.
Q: What is an allergy test?
A: Allergy tests involve studying the body's reaction to allergy causing substances (allergens). This can be done by observing skin reactions, formation of antibodies in blood or eliminating certain foods from diet.
Q: Why is allergy test required?
A: An allergy test may be needed to rule out the cause of certain conditions like hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria and asthma. Harmless substances like pollen grains or food items can trigger a life threatening response from the body. Finding out the cause helps in avoiding it altogether.
Q: How is allergy testing done?
A: You may have to undergo a routine blood test where a blood sample is drawn from your veins. Or if a skin test is done, tiny doses of allergens are applied or injected inside your skin to check for any reaction.
Q: Are there risks associated with allergy testing?
A: Though the allergens used in an allergy test are of minute quantity, chances do exist of an impending hypersensitive reaction. You may feel itchy, have a runny nose or experience anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction) which is a medical emergency.
HCV Antibody test is a blood test checking for the presence of antibodies against Hepatitis C virus. This test can be performed at any pathology lab which is equipped with advanced technology and instruments of high calibration. A venous blood sample collected from the patient is required to check for presence of HCV antibodies.
HCV infection has an ability to remain silent and therefore, undetected for years together. Only when the liver has sustained considerable damage, does the infection become evident due to development of symptoms.
Q: What are the indications of HCV Antibody test?
A: Yellow discoloration of skin and urine, bleeding tendency, fatigue, digestive disturbances, fever and headache, are characteristic indications of HCV Antibody test.
Q: How long after infection of Hepatitis C virus, do antibodies appear in blood circulation?
A: Hepatitis C antibodies appear in blood circulation about 6 months after contracting infection.
Q: Which tissue sample is preferred for performing HCV Antibody test?
A: Venous blood is the only tissue sample used for performing HCV antibody test.
Q: How does one contract Hepatitis C infection?
A: HCV infection is contracted if one comes in intimate contact with blood of an infected person.
Q: How can Hepatitis C infection be treated?
A: Anti-viral medicines, fever medicines, strict dietary restrictions, blood transfusion (rarely)and liver transplant (very rarely) are the various treatment options used during Hepatitis C infection.
Adenosine Deaminase
Adenosine Deaminase is a type of protein present in various cells of body. This protein is related to lymphocyte activation and is clinically tested to determine pleural tuberculosis. Pleurae are covering membranes of chest cavity and are also present at the exterior lining of lungs. When Mycobacterium Tuberculosis attacks, it causes increased production of ADA that can be detected in Pleural Fluid. Thus, Adenosine Deaminase Test is ordered, along with many other lab examinations.
Inflammation or infection of pleural cavity results in accumulation of fluid in the area, leading to various health hazards. Doctors order Adenosine Deaminase test, when patients complain of severe cough accompanied with blood, chest pain, chills and night sweats, very high fever etc. When pleural fluid shows traces of ADA, tuberculosis is confirmed.
Q: Chemically, what is ADA (Adenosine Deaminase) comprised of?
A: Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) is chemically an enzyme. It is composed of chains of complex proteins known as peptides.
Q: What are the functions of ADA?
A: In human beings, ADA is responsible for maintaining a healthy and responsive immune system and nervous system. It is also known to play a significant role during pregnancy.
Q: Which health disorders can be detected by performing ADA test?
A: ADA test is advised to determine presence and intensity of tuberculosis. Other disorders which may be diagnosed with this test are, rheumatic affections, sarcoidosis, psoriasis and other auto-immune diseases.
Q: How is ADA test performed?
A: ADA test is usually performed by obtaining pleural fluid through a process known as thoracentesis. In cases where disorders other than T.B. are to be diagnosed, a blood sample is useful to perform the test.
Q: Is ADA test useful during follow ups?
A: Yes, ADA can also be performed during follow ups. This allows doctors to assess the level of improvement in patients after medical treatment has been initiated for their specific health condition.
Antibodies are produced by the body in response to attacks by foreign agents and disease-causing germs. They are fielded by immune system for protecting the body against diseases. IgG are antibodies that appear after 14 days of visible symptoms of Dengue. Usually, dengue IgG test is done along with IgM for finding the presence of both these antibodies in human blood for further treatment.
Dengue fever is transmitted by a virus that is carried by a mosquito. The fever lasts typically from around 1-2 weeks. As mentioned before, Dengue IgG is done in conjunction with Dengue IgM.
Q: What is dengue IgG?
A: It is an antibody type produced by the body against dengue infection.
Q: What is the reference range for dengue IgG test?
A: <1.64 IV.
Q: Is there any vaccine for dengue?
A: No. The vaccine is still being researched and expected to come out soon.
Q: What time of the day is the dengue mosquito most active? When does it bite?
A: It is mostly active during morning and evening. It only bites in the day time and is not very much active at night.
Q: Do dengue symptoms resemble to those of malaria?
A: Yes, but in the initial stages.
Prostate-specific antigen
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test is a blood test useful in
screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer or other prostate related disorders.
PSA is a chemical made by the prostate gland and is produced by both cancerous
and non-cancerous prostate tissues. This test estimates the amount of PSA
present in the blood. PSA monitors
response to total prostatectomy for cancer, radiation therapy.
PSA test necessitates a blood sample and results are often
obtained within a few days. Depending upon the levels of PSA, further tests and
investigations are suggested. PSA test can help detect prostate cancer in early
stages, monitor the treatment, and help plan a new course of action.
Q: BPH (Benign Prostrate Hypertrophy) is common in which age group?
A: 50 years and under.
Q: What are the distinctive characteristics of high level of PSA?
A: It is most commonly raised in BPH and prostrate cancer. Less than one third of patients with high PSA are diagnosed to suffer from due to cancer.
Q: How do you know that you have BPH?
A: Increased frequency of urination, increased tendency to urinate, and urinating at night.
Q: How regularly should prostrate cancer patients get themselves checked?
A: Regular follow up with the treatment of prostrate cancer at least at an interval of six months.
Blood Sugar test is useful to measure levels of glucose present in blood at any given time. A venous blood sample is required to perform this test. This simple blood test is conducted at most pathology labs equipped with advanced medical techniques and equipment.
Test results vary depending on the time that has passed between food intake by the patient and performing the test. This test has multiple uses and may be performed as part of routine health check up as well.
Q: What is urine sugar?
A: It is a substance found in the urine of diabetic patients or people with leaky kidneys or urine tract infection. A urine sugar/glucose test could be ordered in this case.
Q: What is home blood sugar test?
A: It is similar to routine blood sugar test which can be performed anywhere or at your home using an equipment. It helps to measure blood sugar level, evaluate and schedule insulin dose, know how body responds to stress, diet, exercise, and illnesses, and detect sugar related diseases.
Q: What causes low blood sugar?
A: Hypoglycemia, anorexia, Addison's disease, cirrhosis, hypothyroidism, diabetes, kidney malfunction, and pituitary gland tumor.
Q: What causes high blood sugar?
A: Type 2 diabetes, Cushing's syndrome, intense stress, acromegaly, stroke, heart attack, and certain medicines like corticosteroids.
Q: What is the main source of energy for brain cells?
A: Glucose which is a type of sugar in the human body.
Glucose Tolerance Test finds the body's response to sugar. This test is used as a screening tool for Type-2 diabetes as well. The Glucose Tolerance Test should be reserved principally for patients with “borderline” fasting plasma glucose levels. The test is necessary for diagnosis of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance. This test is also known as Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).
Q: What is glucose tolerance test?
A: Glucose tolerance test (GTT) is a method to determine the presence of diabetes. This test has great value in diagnosing gestational diabetes.
Q: Why is glucose tolerance test needed?
A: Apart from diabetes, a GTT helps in diagnosing impaired function of beta cells (in pancreas), reactive hypoglycemia & acromegaly, insulin resistance or diseases affecting metabolism of carbohydrates.
Q: Is there any special preparation required before a Glucose Tolerance Test?
A: Yes. In the few days before testing you will be asked to have a good carbohydrate diet. Fasting is required for 8-12 hours before the test. Preferably you should not be ill and avoid medications like oral contraceptives, salicylates, diuretics and anti-convulsants for some time (only after getting the approval of your doctor).
Q: How is GTT performed?
A: Some blood is withdrawn from the vein and marked as baseline sample. A certain amount of glucose is given in solution form to drink, 2 hours after which another blood sample is taken. If renal glycosuria is suspected, urine samples may also be taken at same time intervals.
Q: What do the results of a GTT indicate?
A: A GT test shows the levels of glucose and the person's ability to metabolize it. The results of GTT in different conditions are indicated below:
In absence of diabetes
2 Hour glucose – more than 153 mg/dL
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Triglycerides test is a diagnostic test that helps to determine
the levels of fat in a person's blood. This test can be performed as part of lipidprofile test or even individually.
A venous blood sample is obtained from the patient to check for levels of triglycerides. Blood sample needs to be stored away from heat, light and moisture, till the test is completed. Highly calibrated medical instruments are used to determine levels of triglycerides, so as to obtain accurate test results.
Q: Which tissue sample is required for triglycerides tests?
A: Blood samples for triglycerides testing are drawn from veins in the forearm.
Q: Which other tests can be ordered along with triglycerides test?
A: Lipid profile, cholesterol testing and angiography can be ordered in conjunction with a triglyceride test.
Q: What are the ideal ranges of triglycerides in the body?
A: Normal levels: Less than 150 mg/dl
Borderline elevated:150 to 199 mg/dl
Elevated: 200 to 499 mg/dl
Abnormally high: 500 mg/dl or more
Q: Who is ideally required to undergo triglycerides testing?
A: People who have diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and a history of cardiac disorders, are ideal candidates for triglyceride testing.
Q: How can high triglycerides level be brought back to normal?
A: Specific lifestyle changes including adequate exercising, quitting smoking and alcohol, having a healthy diet, can help in normalizing high triglyceride levels.